Results – Characters
Character Notation
The Cyperus papyrus inflorescence is a complex, resembling a compound umbel. It forms a sequence of structures with similar morphology but decreasing size. Surrounding the inflorescence are bracts, referred to throughout as B1. The capitulum comprises Rays (R1) each with a basal prophyll (P1) and a terminal cluster of spikes in another umbel or anthela. The spikes are subtended by bracteoles (B2) and each has its own prophylls (P2). Spikes have spikelets in a spiral arrangement, each spikelet subtended bt another bract (B3) and prophyll (P3). Flowers are regular for the family, comprising, glumes, anthers, stigmas and a nutlet. Note that in addition there are two “wing”-like structures, as described by Chiovenda (1931). This arrangement is illustrated below.
Photographs of Characters
Character No. |
Dimens- ions |
Photographs (Characters Gallery unless otherwise stipulated) |
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Basal Bracts |
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1 |
B1 - width of typical outer bract, widest point. |
S01_Base.JPG (midrib)
Sheets & Labels Gallery: S01_Base.JPG; S02_base.JPG; S05_Base.JPG; S06_Base.JPG; S07_Base.JPG; S08_Base.JPG; S09_Base.JPG; S10_Base.JPG; S12_Base.JPG; S13_Base.JPG; S14_Base.JPG; S16_Base.JPG; S20_Base.JPG; S21_Base.JPG; S22_Base.JPG; S23_Base.JPG; S24_Base.JPG; S25_Base.JPG; S26_Base.JPG; S27_Base.JPG; S28_Base.JPG; S29_Base.JPG; S30_Base.JPG; S33_Base.JPG; S34_Base.JPG; S37_Base.JPG |
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2 |
B1 - length of typical outer bract |
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3 |
B1 - midrib prominent |
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4 |
B1 - count, 50% of diameter (on view) |
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53 |
B1 - erect / spreading |
S01_Base.JPG (spreading); S09_Base.JPG (erect); S37_Base.JPG (erect) |
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Primary rachis - Inflorescence stems |
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5 |
R1 - length (typical, excl P1 to B2 |
Sheets & Labels Gallery:
S33_Sheet.jpg (few R1); S15_Sheet.jpg (few R1) S19_Sheet.jpg (crowded R1); S33_Sheet.jpg (crowded R1) (and see Sheets & Labels Gallery) |
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46 |
R1 – count |
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Primary prophylls |
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9 |
P1 - length (typical) |
20130108_125919.jpg;
Sheets & Labels Gallery: S02_base.JPG |
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Spikes
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11 |
Spike - length (R2 excl. between lowest spikelet and base and excl. terminal spikelet) |
20130116_170452.jpg (shape oblong, patent spikelets); 20130124_115008.jpg (shape congested, erect spikelets) |
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12 |
Spike - no spikelets on 1 side |
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13 |
Spike – shape |
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47 |
Spikelet - angle to R2 (mature, lateral) |
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Secondary rachis - spike stems |
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51 |
R2 - max length (incl. prophyll) mm to first spikelet |
20130108_130452.jpg (sessile, medium and long R2s) |
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48 |
R2 no. - length short (sessile - <=2mm) |
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49 |
R2 no. - length med (<2mm - 10mm) |
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50 |
R2 no. - length long (>10mm |
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Secondary bracts - spike cluster basal bracts |
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17 |
B2 - number |
grab2013-01-19_21-34-51_521.jpg (Width / base of B2s); Char 9 aff 4007.jpeg (Thin B2); |
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18 |
B2 - thin B2s (like sterile Spikes, dentate at base) |
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19 |
B2 - typical length (excl. thin B2s) |
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20 |
B2 - width, widest point |
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Secondary prophylls |
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21 |
P2 - length (long type) to lowest lip |
S32_p2_1.0026.jpeg; grab2013-01-19_21-34-51_521.jpg (P2s – long)
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Spikelets |
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52 |
Spikelet - colour |
grab2013-01-19_22-45-05_973.jpg (Short spikelets); S25_spikelets_0.63055.jpeg S25_spikelets_0.63056.jpeg S25_spikelets_1,0054.jpeg
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22 |
Spikelet - length (average, 1/2 way up spike) |
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23 |
Spikelet - width (average, 1/2 way up spike) |
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25 |
Spikelet - no. flowers overlapping adaxial line, base to tip, spikelets mid spike,ave |
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26 |
Spikelet - lanceolate; nl = narrowly lanceolate; oc = oblong/cylindrical (parallel sided); ov = ovate |
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Florets
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28 |
Glume midrib prominent (see Spec. 3) |
S35-glume_2,0021.jpeg; grab2013-01-19_23-04-05_465.jpg (glume & wings); grab2013-01-20_00-07-14_813.bmp (glume & wings) |
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30 |
Glume - length, mid-Spike, mid-Spikelet |
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31 |
Glume - laterals (see Spec. 3) |
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33 |
Glume - apex shape |
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Glume - Keels |
S14_glume_ridge_2.0.0032.jpeg S14_glume_ridge_2.0.0033.jpeg |
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Anthers
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34 |
Anther connective |
s05_anth_conn_4.0007.jpeg s06_anth_conn_4.0067.jpeg s09_anth_conn_4.0057.jpeg s10_anth_connx3&stigma_4.0029.jpeg s10_anth_conn_4.0027.jpeg s13_anth_conn_4.0039.jpeg s17_anth_conn_4.0.0050.jpeg s17_anth_conn_4.0049.jpeg s21_anth_conn_4.0065.jpeg s22_anth_conn_4.0005.jpeg S23 Anther appendage 3013.jpeg s24_anth_connXnn_1.0059.jpeg s28_anth_conn_4.0.0051.jpeg s33-anth_conn(4X)_4.0011.jpeg s33-anth_conn_4.0010.jpeg s34_anth_conn_4.0061.jpeg s35-anth_conn_4.0017.jpeg s35-anth_conn_4.0023.jpeg s37_anth_conn_4.0070.jpeg s37_anth_conn_4.0071.jpeg |
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35 |
Colour of connective appendage: |
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Stigmas |
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36 |
Stigma lobes - depth of division compared to overall length |
grab2013-01-19_23-26-26_614.jpg |
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37 |
Stigma colour |
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Quaternary bracts - intra floret bracts ("rachis wings" of some authors) |
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38 |
B4 wing - shape |
grab2013-01-19_23-04-05_465.jpg (glume & wings); grab2013-01-19_23-26-26_614.jpg (glumes); grab2013-01-20_00-07-14_813.bmp (glume & wings) |
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39 |
B4 wing - length compared to glume |
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Nutlets |
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40 |
±1mm |
Nutlet shape |
S37_nutlet_4.0069.jpeg (atypical); S33-nut_4.0013.jpeg |
±1mm |
Perigynium |
grab2013-01-16_22-48-25_033.jpg; grab2013-01-16_23-19-13_566.jpg |
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Stems |
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45 |
3-5cm |
Stem beneath inflorescence |
S19_ts_stem_0.63062.jpeg; |
Cyperus; Cyperus papyrus